As the use of wearable devices that are valid for the assessment of sleep increases in the general community, so too does the potential to answer research questions that were previously impractical or impossible to address-in some way, we could consider that the whole world is becoming a sleep laboratory. However, analyses regarding the multi-state categorisation of sleep indicate that all six devices require improvement for the assessment of specific sleep stages. Analyses regarding the two-state categorisation of sleep indicate that all six devices are valid for the field-based assessment of the timing and duration of sleep. Compared with polysomnography, agreement (and Cohen’s kappa) for multi-state categorisation of sleep periods (as a specific sleep stage or wake) was 53% (κ = 0.20) for Apple Watch 50% (κ = 0.25) for Garmin 51% (κ = 0.28) for Polar 61% (κ = 0.43) for Oura 60% (κ = 0.44) for WHOOP and 65% (κ = 0.52) for Somfit. Compared with polysomnography, agreement (and Cohen’s kappa) for two-state categorisation of sleep periods (as sleep or wake) was 88% (κ = 0.30) for Apple Watch 89% (κ = 0.35) for Garmin 87% (κ = 0.44) for Polar 89% (κ = 0.51) for Oura 86% (κ = 0.44) for WHOOP and 87% (κ = 0.48) for Somfit. Participants were fitted with all six wearable devices-and with polysomnography and electrocardiography for gold-standard assessment of sleep and heart rate, respectively. Fifty-three adults (26 F, 27 M, aged 25.4 ± 5.9 years) spent a single night in a sleep laboratory with 9 h in bed (23:00–08:00 h). The secondary aim was to examine the validity of the six devices for assessing heart rate and heart rate variability during, or just prior to, night-time sleep. The primary aim of this study was to examine the validity of six commonly used wearable devices, i.e., Apple Watch S6, Garmin Forerunner 245 Music, Polar Vantage V, Oura Ring Generation 2, WHOOP 3.0 and Somfit, for assessing sleep.
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